過去十年來，車載網(wǎng)絡架構變得越來越復雜。雖然車載網(wǎng)絡協(xié)議的數(shù)量有所減少，但實際部署的網(wǎng)絡數(shù)量卻有顯著增加。這就提出了網(wǎng)絡架構的可縮放性問題，并且要求為滿足各種應用和網(wǎng)絡的實際需要而優(yōu)化半導體器件。　　

FPGA曾一度被認為是僅用于開發(fā)的解決方案，但如今其價位下降非常迅速，使得許多問題迎刃而解，甚至能以低于傳統(tǒng)ASIC或ASSP解決方案的總體系統(tǒng)成本投產(chǎn)。現(xiàn)在，面向汽車市場的各大FPGA供應商均已通過ISO-TS16949認證，使得可編程邏輯器件逐漸成為汽車市場的主流技術。

車載網(wǎng)絡電氣架構

　　在過去十年間，很多專用的OEM汽車制造商的網(wǎng)絡協(xié)議已經(jīng)讓位于CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" 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title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN" title="CAN">CAN、MOST 和 FlexRay等更為標準化的全球協(xié)議。因此，半導體供應商可以專心制造符合這些協(xié)議的器件，并使一級配件供應商競爭更加激烈并且紛紛降價，同時也促進了汽車OEM制造商之間的模塊互通性。但是，今天的汽車電氣架構中仍有許多問題困擾著汽車OEM制造商和一級配件供應商。

工程師可以按幾種不同方式劃分和制定網(wǎng)絡策略。高端汽車最多可有七條不同網(wǎng)絡總線同時運行。例如，一輛汽車可以有一條LIN回路用于后視鏡、一條500Kbps的低速CAN回路用于座椅或車門控制等低端功能、一條1Mbps的高速CAN回路用于車身控制、另一條高速CAN回路用于駕駛員信息系統(tǒng)、一條10Mbps的FlexRay回路用來提供實時駕駛員輔助數(shù)據(jù)，以及一條25Mbps的MOST回路用于在導航或后座娛樂等多種信息娛樂系統(tǒng)內部或之間傳輸控制和媒體流。

另一方面，低檔汽車可以只有一條LIN或CAN回路，令所有其他模塊幾乎毫無交互操作地獨立工作。不同OEM汽車制造商會以不同方式處理模塊間通信和汽車網(wǎng)絡拓撲結構，而且每種車載平臺都不同，這使一級配件供應商難以開發(fā)既有正確接口又可重復使用的模塊架構。容納模塊的最終架構的不確定性正是FPGA的用武之地。

ASIC、ASSP和微控制器具有固定的硬件架構，其資源往往不是缺乏就是過剩，毫無靈活性可言。FPGA的可編程性(以及可再編程性)便于增減片上通道(如CAN通道)，而且允許重復使用IP。有了這種靈活性，即可將針對網(wǎng)絡接口的數(shù)量和類型優(yōu)化過的解決方案迅速制成模塊。

網(wǎng)絡協(xié)議的半導體實現(xiàn)

　　FPGA的長處不僅在于接口數(shù)量與類型方面的可縮放性。對ASSP、ASIC和微控制器來說，其外設宏指令是用硬件實現(xiàn)的，因此天生就缺少靈活性。而在FPGA環(huán)境中，網(wǎng)絡接口IP本身可根據(jù)所用IP進行優(yōu)化。　　

例如，利用Xilinx LogiCORE CAN或FlexRay網(wǎng)絡IP，用戶可以靈活地設置發(fā)送和接收緩沖器的數(shù)量以及濾波器的數(shù)量。在傳統(tǒng)硬件解決方案中，使用CAN控制器的工程師通常只有16、32和64個消息緩沖器這三種配置選擇。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能的級別和FPGA外部的可用處理能力，Xilinx的可縮放MOST網(wǎng)絡接口解決方案包括可配置成主操作或從操作的網(wǎng)絡控制器IP以及異步采樣速率轉換器(ASRC)、數(shù)據(jù)路由器或者復制保護用加密引擎等大量IP。

這種IP允許優(yōu)化，既能裝入低端解決方案中的較低密度器件，也能裝入高端解決方案的較高密度器件，并且常常在模塊的目標電路板上使用相同的封裝外形。另外，對于各主要協(xié)議，業(yè)界已開發(fā)出可完善解決方案的中間件堆棧和驅動器。FPGA解決方案的這種可縮放性和通用性在傳統(tǒng)汽車硬件解決方案中是根本不可能實現(xiàn)的。

各大FPGA供應商都有軟微處理器，這些軟微處理器可以在控制功能的架構中高效實現(xiàn)，并且其運行速度可與某些硬件中嵌入的微處理器媲美。FPGA架構的另一大優(yōu)勢是能夠通過使用乘法器或片上硬MAC中的并行DSP處理功能來卸載微處理器和分區(qū)上的處理任務，從而提高總體性能和吞吐量。

可編程邏輯器件已取得長足進步

　　可編程邏輯器件已取得長足進步，逐漸成為汽車市場的主流技術。各種可編程邏輯器件在可靠性方面難分伯仲，而FPGA技術則可以實現(xiàn)可縮放的靈活的集成，這在傳統(tǒng)的ASIC、ASSP或微控制器架構中是不可能實現(xiàn)的。開發(fā)周期縮短，可編程邏輯器件供應商采用先進的工藝技術以及可編程器件必然帶來的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟，這些均促使總體生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)成本得以降低。　　

        隨著車載網(wǎng)絡的關鍵IP和解決方案日趨成熟以及FPGA架構的性能潛力逐漸提高，可編程邏輯器件將在攻克車載電氣架構開發(fā)中固有的某些工程難題方面發(fā)揮重要作用。